This course will cover: The nature and fundamental mechanisms of different body systems will be discussed under the broad lecture themes of osmoregulation and excretion, respiratory system, cardiovascular system, nervous and muscular systems, immune system, endocrine system, digestive system, thermoregulation, biological clock and hibernation, and senses.

Upon completion of this course, students will appreciate how physiological plasticity is key to maintaining and adjusting physiological processes. This course aims to give an overview of the basic physiology of animals and how they work to study phenotypic plasticity across different levels of biological organization and to understand how this allows animals to adapt to their environment.  And to study mechanisms of physiological adaption in response to environmental challenges invertebrate with special emphasis on humans.